The Institute has produced wonderful results in the last few years and has made its presence felt in every corner of Delhi. Needless to say, this all could be possible only due to blessings of the almighty, proper planning at the institute, sharp implementation of the planning, taking timely feed back from students regarding their level of satisfaction at the institute and follow up action to plug the shortcoming pointed out by the students from time to time.
Special Features of the Institute:
1. Well planned program of teaching and highly competitive environment.
2. The courses are completed to the satisfaction of students and well in time. Sufficient time is slotted for making revisions, conduction of tests and doubt solving sessions.
3. Regular tests and their discussion is conducted so as to clarify any doubt left in the mind of students.
4. Regular feedback from students is taken to increase their level of satisfaction.
5. Monthly performance and attendance report is mailed for the reference of parents.
6. The courses are designed in such a way that study material is self-sufficient for the students and they do not have to look for any other study material for the purpose of Medical Entrance preparation..
7.Adequate library facility for reading is provided to the students so that they can consult books, whenever they find free time.
Monday, September 28, 2009
Coaching you towards success
Knowledge Horizon Classes is supported by some of the best academic brains & host of collaborations with some of the best names in supplementary education. The student will greatly benefit from our state-of-the-art infrastructure, highly competent & passionate faculty, well researched & innovative content & methodology in chosen subjects as well as special modules created for personality grooming & a very rich blending of education with technology.
Why students and parents choose us-
1. Impeccable system of administration with strict discipline, not only for students but also for teachers & admin staff
2. Highly qualified and trained teachers. We have teachers from top institutes/universities like IIT Delhi, IIT, Roorkee, IT-BHU, Delhi University & other state engineering colleges & universities. Additionally, we hire top quality teachers from market.
3. Unmatched results in entrance exams. Knowledge horizon has produced stars for the toughest entrance exams like, AIIMS, IIT-JEE, AIPMT, AFMC, JIPMER, MAHE, BHU etc.
4. Exhaustive, relevant and original study material and Test papers, which are designed to the correct pattern and approved syllabus by institute’s teachers
5. Learning and competitive environment We provide the necessary edge & exposure to students.
6. Integrated approach of teaching, which not only prepares students for entrance exams but also for school/board exams.
7. Special tutorial classes to discuss doubts of students. This helps a lot in uplifting the knowledge levels of weak & shy students.
8. Work culture, which creates a hub of entrepreneurs and not just bunch of employees. Everyone owns his/her job and produces best to his/her ability.
9. Strategically located centres for convenience of students & parents.
10. Brilliant initiative like online tests, attendance reporting and test score reporting through SMS, email etc
Why students and parents choose us-
1. Impeccable system of administration with strict discipline, not only for students but also for teachers & admin staff
2. Highly qualified and trained teachers. We have teachers from top institutes/universities like IIT Delhi, IIT, Roorkee, IT-BHU, Delhi University & other state engineering colleges & universities. Additionally, we hire top quality teachers from market.
3. Unmatched results in entrance exams. Knowledge horizon has produced stars for the toughest entrance exams like, AIIMS, IIT-JEE, AIPMT, AFMC, JIPMER, MAHE, BHU etc.
4. Exhaustive, relevant and original study material and Test papers, which are designed to the correct pattern and approved syllabus by institute’s teachers
5. Learning and competitive environment We provide the necessary edge & exposure to students.
6. Integrated approach of teaching, which not only prepares students for entrance exams but also for school/board exams.
7. Special tutorial classes to discuss doubts of students. This helps a lot in uplifting the knowledge levels of weak & shy students.
8. Work culture, which creates a hub of entrepreneurs and not just bunch of employees. Everyone owns his/her job and produces best to his/her ability.
9. Strategically located centres for convenience of students & parents.
10. Brilliant initiative like online tests, attendance reporting and test score reporting through SMS, email etc
For further information please contact us at-
Tel- 011- 24366349/ 24366316/ 24365715
Email- info@nhindia.com
Website- www.nhindia.com , www.khclasses.co.in
Monday, September 21, 2009
Medicine as a Corporate Enterprise: A Welcome Step
Medical profession and corporate culture - are the two concepts mutually exclusive? From the era of the humble family physician who was the end point of all of a patient's needs, we have progressed to the era of the five-star corporate hospitals with hi-tech facilities but inadequate patient satisfaction. Let us not forget that medical science is about healing people. People involved directly in this enterprise are doctors and paramedical staff; and those indirectly are the pharmaceutical industry, services staff, medical equipment industry and medical institutions. Each spoke in the wheel of health care has its designated function, is indispensable and has an equivalent role to play in optimal health-care delivery.At the center of the wheel is the doctor. A humane approach by the treating physician not only ensures proper treatment but also elevates the doctor to the status of a demigod. Why is it that there are big tertiary care hospitals with such a reputation that patients flock to them from far and wide while some others are simply five-star hospitals catering to the rich and the insured?The culture present in successful business enterprises therefore needs to be implemented to make medicine a successful business. If health care were deemed a business, then the tools that help fix other businesses will fix it too (Waldman, 1996).Can big corporate hospitals do this? Why not? It would be all too easy if everyone involved at every level remembers that the hospital exists because patients have to be treated. Starting from the receptionist at the entrance to the administrative staff to finally the medical and paramedical personnel, everyone should treat the patient as a revered guest. Pharmaceutical companies, medical equipment manufacturers, philanthropic bodies, insurance companies and finally the government should work in tandem with doctors to ensure quality care and to subsidize poor patients.A corporate hospital may have all the trappings of a five-star luxury hotel, but a good number of such hospitals are found to be abysmal in terms of competency and adequacy of treatment. This is reflected in the increasing incidence of litigation against doctors and hospitals. Let us not forget that the patient is not a fool and is not to be taken for granted. A patient may be brought to the hospital on his deathbed and may not be saved despite the doctor's best efforts; but if there has been sufficient communication and a humanitarian approach shown to the family, very few disputes would arise as far as settling the bill is concerned. Not only doctors but also paramedical and administrative staff should be trained to handle such situations.Low Payoffs to Physicians and Patient - The Final RecipientAchievement of value and profitability through emphasis on efficiency, productivity and high quality is not necessarily seen as a feature of health-care delivery setups (Faria, 1998a). Despite inflated costs, the for-profit hospitals are often shown to provide inferior quality of care (Geyman, 2003). The term "medical-industrial complex" to describe these interrelationships is not a new concept, the term having been introduced in 1980 (Relman, 1998; IJME, 2001). It implies a new industry that supplies health services for profit (Relman, 1980).The evolution of the corporate hospital came from increasingly low payoffs to physicians from Medicare (Relman, 1980; Kereiakes, 2004). Physicians sought comfort and safety in numbers by resorting to group practice in the face of increasing litigation and practice costs. Although the corporate hospital gave a space for practice, it increasingly encroached on the physician's autonomy and forced him to compromise to curtail costs (Kereiakes, 2004; Faria, 1998b). This tendency to compromise is what ails the health-care system (Waldman, 1996). Even if health care is more a public service than a business, management principles and solutions can apply. A bridge must be built between the two cultures.It is often assumed that "hospitals function like other businesses, meaning high costs equal inefficiency" (Relman, 1980). This needn't apply to the health-care or hospital setting. A common example often cited is that of joint replacements. The cost of joint replacement is escalating with the cost of implants; however, the payments from care providers have remained almost static. This means that the bulk of the package goes towards implant costs, decreasing profits and physician payouts. To offset this, if a cheaper implant were to be used, the longevity and safety of the joint would be compromised, which is hardly the correct solution to curtail costs. This type of cost curtailing measure is often used to provide joint replacement solutions to uninsured and poor sections of society, in public health setups and in some private hospitals. Short-term gains are always attractive; but what does one say of long-term losses, of the higher incidence of revisions to be expected out of such irrational use of surgical procedures? A more rational solution is to include joint replacement in the ambit of general insurance more widely and also to ensure good local implant quality by implementing certification and continuous-monitoring procedures. The payouts in packages by the insurers must make provision for increasing costs.As a means to achieve efficiency, corporate strategies of TQM (total quality management) and CQI (continuous quality improvement) may be applied in the health-care setting. However, these strategies have not found equivalent success (Waldman, 1996).Every aspect of health-care delivery and ancillary services is inextricably linked to its final recipient, the patient. This equation changes the very perspective with which we view the so-called "enterprise." Our clients are human beings in physical and mental distress, and disease takes a heavy toll on emotions and well-being of everyone in the vicinity of the sick person. Profit-making, therefore, has to be weighed well against the comfort and care provided to the patient and his near and dear ones. Under no given circumstance can patients' concerns be allowed to be pushed aside in favour of curtailing costs and achieving profits.Corporate Trust HospitalsThere have been accusations of corporate hospitals run by trusts not fulfilling their obligations of providing free treatment to a certain percentage of patients as specified by law, while claiming all exemptions that can be claimed on tax and equipment. It needs to be noted that none of these so-called trust and research centers do any research. It would be enlightening to know their quantum of research output, besides that measured in rupees, and their research setups before permitting further sanctions.None of these trust hospitals are cheap either. Most of them are as expensive as the hospital next door. The only doctor who treats "cheap" in the private sector is still the nearby "small nursing home." The only thing in which the charitable and trust tag comes up is in the physician payout, which is miserable, to say the least. It is also quite educating to see the small proportion of the total package that constitutes the doctor's charges. Charity is practiced by the doctor, not the hospital, and the hospital practices charity in the name of the doctor.Corporate Culture in Health CareHealth-care organizations are social groups comprised of people who pursue a common purpose, share values and beliefs and therefore possess a common culture (Waldman, 1996).Corporate culture is fundamental for accomplishing any sustainable change in care delivery. The term implies that the altruistic call of healing has a business side too (Waldman 1996); and by culture, we mean values, attitudes and behavioral attributes.Waldman (1996) feels that there is a threefold reason for the problems in corporate health care:
If the corporate culture in health care is seriously dysfunctional, it could be the root cause of its problems.
The human resource development issues in health care are of concern because of high turnover rates and professional withdrawal.
Corporate culture tends to resist change. In medicine change is homeostatic and essential for functioning and doesn't always translate into costs.Sometimes, management principles such as optimization, which otherwise works well in other cultures, may have exactly an opposite effect in health care. The apparent cost cutting by cutbacks in staff and diagnostics, as per corporate management strategy, may actually lead to delays and increased costs as compared to savings which were expected.
Large Hospital Chains - Apollo, Max, Fortis, WockhardtThere has been a huge interest in the health-care segment in India in recent times. Large hospital chains have spread all over the country. The basic health-care setup was the small nursing home or the trust hospital in the past. This has now given way to a number of hospital chains like the Apollo, Max, Fortis and Wockhardt hospitals. These have not only penetrated big cities but they also cater to smaller towns and districts by way of satellite clinics or smaller outreach programs.Take the example of Apollo, which holds about 19 hospitals and has a foot in the pharmacy business too. It caters to primary-, secondary- and tertiary-care units, with the primary- and secondary-care units acting as feeders for the tertiary- and specialty-care centers. Bed strength is in the range of about 3,500 beds. It is the leader in tertiary care, and its Chennai and Kolkata facilities have a significant market share. It is now establishing a global presence - with units in Bangladesh and Colombo, staffed by a significant number of Indian consultants. There is a preference, noted by market analysts, to focus on tertiary care (as it is more paying) and to appoint doctors as full-time employees, as it is a major determinant in limiting costs and increasing turnovers. Historically, a revenue-sharing agreement was the norm. It has been shown by market analysts that as much as 28% of costs are employment costs.The Fortis group has established 10 hospitals and 12 heart centers in 5 years, bed strength of close to 1,600 and a stake in the Escorts Heart Institute. Wockhardt has also entered the hospital business with as many as 5 hospitals. Max is a subsidiary of the Max Group and has 4 functioning hospitals.It is to be noted that all these are run by major players in the pharmaceutical and health-care segment. For the doctor, this has created a never-before opportunity to practice in plush environments and offer world-class care. He has access to the best equipment, excellent trained medical staff and public relation and marketing support, without having to bother about any personal investment. Costs are still prohibitive and yet are offset by an increasing number of employers opting for these hospitals as preferred health-care destinations for their employees and paying for costs through group insurance policies. This not only makes health care more accessible but also generates a regular income for the hospital. Cashless insurance policies are also a major determinant in choosing these hospitals for care.The focus has therefore shifted away from the small nursing home. For the patient who has no access to insurance and who has no employer paying for him, the choice is still difficult and expensive; and probably the small nursing home may provide answers for his basic health needs. For the rest, the bigger corporate hospitals offer an attractive advantage.
If the corporate culture in health care is seriously dysfunctional, it could be the root cause of its problems.
The human resource development issues in health care are of concern because of high turnover rates and professional withdrawal.
Corporate culture tends to resist change. In medicine change is homeostatic and essential for functioning and doesn't always translate into costs.Sometimes, management principles such as optimization, which otherwise works well in other cultures, may have exactly an opposite effect in health care. The apparent cost cutting by cutbacks in staff and diagnostics, as per corporate management strategy, may actually lead to delays and increased costs as compared to savings which were expected.
Large Hospital Chains - Apollo, Max, Fortis, WockhardtThere has been a huge interest in the health-care segment in India in recent times. Large hospital chains have spread all over the country. The basic health-care setup was the small nursing home or the trust hospital in the past. This has now given way to a number of hospital chains like the Apollo, Max, Fortis and Wockhardt hospitals. These have not only penetrated big cities but they also cater to smaller towns and districts by way of satellite clinics or smaller outreach programs.Take the example of Apollo, which holds about 19 hospitals and has a foot in the pharmacy business too. It caters to primary-, secondary- and tertiary-care units, with the primary- and secondary-care units acting as feeders for the tertiary- and specialty-care centers. Bed strength is in the range of about 3,500 beds. It is the leader in tertiary care, and its Chennai and Kolkata facilities have a significant market share. It is now establishing a global presence - with units in Bangladesh and Colombo, staffed by a significant number of Indian consultants. There is a preference, noted by market analysts, to focus on tertiary care (as it is more paying) and to appoint doctors as full-time employees, as it is a major determinant in limiting costs and increasing turnovers. Historically, a revenue-sharing agreement was the norm. It has been shown by market analysts that as much as 28% of costs are employment costs.The Fortis group has established 10 hospitals and 12 heart centers in 5 years, bed strength of close to 1,600 and a stake in the Escorts Heart Institute. Wockhardt has also entered the hospital business with as many as 5 hospitals. Max is a subsidiary of the Max Group and has 4 functioning hospitals.It is to be noted that all these are run by major players in the pharmaceutical and health-care segment. For the doctor, this has created a never-before opportunity to practice in plush environments and offer world-class care. He has access to the best equipment, excellent trained medical staff and public relation and marketing support, without having to bother about any personal investment. Costs are still prohibitive and yet are offset by an increasing number of employers opting for these hospitals as preferred health-care destinations for their employees and paying for costs through group insurance policies. This not only makes health care more accessible but also generates a regular income for the hospital. Cashless insurance policies are also a major determinant in choosing these hospitals for care.The focus has therefore shifted away from the small nursing home. For the patient who has no access to insurance and who has no employer paying for him, the choice is still difficult and expensive; and probably the small nursing home may provide answers for his basic health needs. For the rest, the bigger corporate hospitals offer an attractive advantage.
Why are students keeping away from wards?
Much is being spoken about the undergraduate students and interns seemingly less enthusiastic about their 'ward postings'. They seem to abstain from wards more often, seem more interested in reading books in the library or even while in the wards and seem less inclined to attend 'ward rounds'. It is known that assessment scheme tends to drive student-learning and the type of assessment can influence learning. The assessment at graduation (MBBS) examination is done on the basis of theory and practical examination. The latter is still largely based on assessment of clinical skills. The scope of theory examinations is restricted to testing knowledge of a few important topics that are considered to be 'the bare essentials and basics' to be known by a medical graduate. Many new concepts in medicine have yet to find a place in the University syllabus. These make the MBBS exams quite predictable. In contrast, the postgraduate (PG) entrance examination is based on answering multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Most students today aspire to become specialists and hence, right from early days in the medical college, try to orient their studies to match the assessment pattern of PG entrance examinations. The MCQ-based PG entrance exams have no fixed syllabus. Most of these examinations, unfortunately, test only theoretical knowledge (mainly factual information) and not the practical skills. In spite of several obvious drawbacks such as having a surface approach and testing mainly memory the MCQ system was preferred for the PG entrance exam as this system is inexpensive, easy to administer, reliable, objective, uniform, and reproducible and has ample scope to increase competition. These examinations include many topics, which are not covered well in the graduation exams such as genetics, inborn errors of metabolism, newer histological and cytochemical techniques, serological markers, newer monoclonal antibodies, transplantation medicine, immuno-suppressants, anesthetic medications and techniques and oncology. For entrance exams to be cracked, students need to learn and remember finer details. The students apparently think that they can learn these by spending more time in the library rather than by seeing more patients in the wards! I can't imagine an undergraduate (UG) student of the previous generation losing his/her PG seat due to not knowing what 'Best' Disease in Ophthalmology is! Gone are those days, when a student aspiring to specialize could study only that subject thoroughly to get the postgraduate seat. Students today, have to face entrance exams that include detailed MCQs drawn from 20 UG subjects. One may lose a PG seat if finer nuances are not read and understood before the exam! It is this format that is pulling students back from the wards to the library! The students today are underestimating the importance of learning clinical skills. They should remember that it is these clinical skills that would help them throughout their professional career. The students should understand that both facets are important. The cases that one sees remain imprinted for a very long time. The details, of course, need a separate reading. This balancing act could be facilitated by broadening the scope of the UG syllabus. There is scope for improving the PG entrance exam model. As the outcome of MCQs depends on the type of MCQs framed, the MCQs could be drafted to test practical knowledge and understanding and the policymakers should consider including a step for testing clinical skills at these exams. The students' interest in ward work would be rekindled if the situation is reverted from being 'contradictory' to being 'complementary' between the two important evaluation stages in a medical student's life: (1) the graduation exam and (2) the PG entrance exam.
Medical education at the crossroads
Over the last 30 years, several changes have been introduced in medical education including the introduction of new contextualized approaches to instruction (e.g., problem-based learning [PBL]), the use of multimedia to enhance self-directed learning, the use of an integrated curriculum to address basic and clinical sciences, and the introduction of new formative and summative assessment tools that match with the curriculum changes. However, several challenges face medical education and need to be carefully researched. The list may be long and these challenges may vary depending on the needs of local and international health systems, the avaiability of resources, the vision of medical leaders and how they see these challenges and their impact. This paper discusses a number of challenges facing medical education including the selection of medical students and the validity of selection tools, students' learning skills, what makes a good medical curriculum, and the challenges facing a PBL curriculum.
"Medical education at the crossroads" was the title of an article published in the Proceedings of the Institute of Medicine of Chicago approximately 34 years ago by an American physician, Paul Rhoads. This challenging topic emerges every 20 or 30 years to stimulate leaders and educators to assess the direction of medical education, the current needs of the medical profession and what medical education can do to fulfill these needs. Medical education is conceptualized as the complex process by which a medical student is changed from a medical school applicant to a medical school graduate. In other words, from unknowing to knowing, from unskilled to skilled, from layman to professional, from medical student to physician. [2] Although these changes were described by Socrates more than 400 years before the Common Era, it is of interest to note that since the time Dr. Rhoads wrote his paper, several changes have taken place in most medical schools. For example, dissection of the whole cadaver used to be an essential component of every medical curriculum. Disciplinet based rather than an integrated teaching approach was used in most schools and teaching was mainly based on lectures. At that time, problemtbased learning (PBL) was only known in two or three medical schools and information technology and medical informatics were unknown. Furthermore, the importance of role models in medical schools was not clearly defined.Medical education comprises complex processes including faculty selection of students, learning and acquiring information by medical students, teaching by the faculty members and governance by the education unit. How these processes are interrelated to form medical education as we know it today warrants critical assessment.The aim of this article is to address key changes and critical issues facing medical education including: (1) the selection of medical students, (2) the art of learning, (3) what makes a good medical curriculum, and (4) challenges facing a PBL curriculum. A review of the medical literature shows that these issues are not adequately addressed. However, these issues should constitute a framework for medical educators and should stimulate researchers to target them.
"Medical education at the crossroads" was the title of an article published in the Proceedings of the Institute of Medicine of Chicago approximately 34 years ago by an American physician, Paul Rhoads. This challenging topic emerges every 20 or 30 years to stimulate leaders and educators to assess the direction of medical education, the current needs of the medical profession and what medical education can do to fulfill these needs. Medical education is conceptualized as the complex process by which a medical student is changed from a medical school applicant to a medical school graduate. In other words, from unknowing to knowing, from unskilled to skilled, from layman to professional, from medical student to physician. [2] Although these changes were described by Socrates more than 400 years before the Common Era, it is of interest to note that since the time Dr. Rhoads wrote his paper, several changes have taken place in most medical schools. For example, dissection of the whole cadaver used to be an essential component of every medical curriculum. Disciplinet based rather than an integrated teaching approach was used in most schools and teaching was mainly based on lectures. At that time, problemtbased learning (PBL) was only known in two or three medical schools and information technology and medical informatics were unknown. Furthermore, the importance of role models in medical schools was not clearly defined.Medical education comprises complex processes including faculty selection of students, learning and acquiring information by medical students, teaching by the faculty members and governance by the education unit. How these processes are interrelated to form medical education as we know it today warrants critical assessment.The aim of this article is to address key changes and critical issues facing medical education including: (1) the selection of medical students, (2) the art of learning, (3) what makes a good medical curriculum, and (4) challenges facing a PBL curriculum. A review of the medical literature shows that these issues are not adequately addressed. However, these issues should constitute a framework for medical educators and should stimulate researchers to target them.
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Why choose engineering?
Job Satisfaction
It's important to find a career that you enjoy. After all, you'll probably be spending eight hours or more a day, five days a week, at your job. Engineering can provide a satisfying field of work.
Variety of Career Opportunities
From electrical and computer engineering, to environmental and biomedical engineering, an engineering degree offers a wide range of career possibilities. But the majority of today's college graduates will have more than one career during their work life, and engineering can provide a strong foundation for almost any one of them.
Challenging Work
There is no shortage of challenging problems in engineering. There is no single answer, no answer in the back of the book, no professor to tell you that you are right or wrong. You must devise a solution and persuade others that your solution is the best one.
Intellectual Development
An engineering education will "exercise" your brain, developing your ability to think logically and to solve problems. These are skills that will be valuable throughout your life-and not only when you are solving engineering problems.
Potential to Benefit Society
As an engineer, you can choose to work on projects that benefit society, such as cleaning up the environment, developing prosthetic aids for disabled persons, developing clean and efficient transportation systems, finding new sources of energy, alleviating the world's hunger problems, and increasing the standard of living in underdeveloped countries.
Financial Security
Engineering is a lucrative career. Engineering graduates receive the highest starting salary of any discipline.
Prestige
Engineers help sustain our nation's international competitiveness, maintain our standard of living, ensure a strong national security, and protect public safety. As a member of such a respected profession, you will receive a high amount of prestige.
Professional Environment
As an engineer, you will work in a professional environment in which you will be treated with respect, have a certain amount of freedom in choosing your work, and have the opportunity to learn and grow through both on-the-job training and formal training.
Technological and Scientific Discovery
Do you know why golf balls have dimples on them, or why split-level houses experience more damage in earthquakes? An engineering education can help you answer these questions, and push you to ask new questions of your own.
Creative Thinking
Engineering is by its very nature a creative profession. Because we are in a time of rapid social and technological changes, the need for engineers to think creatively is greater now than ever before. If you like to question, explore, invent, discover, and create, then engineering could be the ideal profession for you.
It's important to find a career that you enjoy. After all, you'll probably be spending eight hours or more a day, five days a week, at your job. Engineering can provide a satisfying field of work.
Variety of Career Opportunities
From electrical and computer engineering, to environmental and biomedical engineering, an engineering degree offers a wide range of career possibilities. But the majority of today's college graduates will have more than one career during their work life, and engineering can provide a strong foundation for almost any one of them.
Challenging Work
There is no shortage of challenging problems in engineering. There is no single answer, no answer in the back of the book, no professor to tell you that you are right or wrong. You must devise a solution and persuade others that your solution is the best one.
Intellectual Development
An engineering education will "exercise" your brain, developing your ability to think logically and to solve problems. These are skills that will be valuable throughout your life-and not only when you are solving engineering problems.
Potential to Benefit Society
As an engineer, you can choose to work on projects that benefit society, such as cleaning up the environment, developing prosthetic aids for disabled persons, developing clean and efficient transportation systems, finding new sources of energy, alleviating the world's hunger problems, and increasing the standard of living in underdeveloped countries.
Financial Security
Engineering is a lucrative career. Engineering graduates receive the highest starting salary of any discipline.
Prestige
Engineers help sustain our nation's international competitiveness, maintain our standard of living, ensure a strong national security, and protect public safety. As a member of such a respected profession, you will receive a high amount of prestige.
Professional Environment
As an engineer, you will work in a professional environment in which you will be treated with respect, have a certain amount of freedom in choosing your work, and have the opportunity to learn and grow through both on-the-job training and formal training.
Technological and Scientific Discovery
Do you know why golf balls have dimples on them, or why split-level houses experience more damage in earthquakes? An engineering education can help you answer these questions, and push you to ask new questions of your own.
Creative Thinking
Engineering is by its very nature a creative profession. Because we are in a time of rapid social and technological changes, the need for engineers to think creatively is greater now than ever before. If you like to question, explore, invent, discover, and create, then engineering could be the ideal profession for you.
Sunday, September 6, 2009
Rights of patients in medical education!
The London School of Medicine has developed a policy that emphasizes on the rights of patients in medical education.8 This framework should guide both teachers and students when interacting with patients clinically. The guidelines highlight the responsibility of medical teachers to serve as role models to trainees for ethical practice and to provide trainee doctors with an opportunity to discuss an ethical or difficult situation.
Patients must understand that medical students are not qualified
doctors
• Clinical teachers and students must obtain explicit verbal consent from patients before students take their case histories or physically examine them, making sure they understand the
primarily educational purpose of their participation.
• Clinical teachers and students should never perform physical examinations or present cases that are potentially embarrassing for primarily educational purposes without the patient’s verbal consentincluding for the number of students present
• Students should never perform any physical examination on patients under general anaesthetic for primarily educational purposes without patients’ prior written consent, which should be placed in the notes.
• Clinical teachers should obtain patients’ explicit verbal consent for students to participate in treatment (suturing, taking blood, delivering babies, etc.). Procedures not requiring immediate
supervision should be undertaken only if there is recorded evidence of competence.
• Clinical teachers are responsible for ensuring that these guidelines are followed. If students are asked by anyone to do the contrary, they must politely refuse, referring to these
guidelines. Encouraging students to ignore these guidelines is unacceptable.
Patients must understand that medical students are not qualified
doctors
• Clinical teachers and students must obtain explicit verbal consent from patients before students take their case histories or physically examine them, making sure they understand the
primarily educational purpose of their participation.
• Clinical teachers and students should never perform physical examinations or present cases that are potentially embarrassing for primarily educational purposes without the patient’s verbal consentincluding for the number of students present
• Students should never perform any physical examination on patients under general anaesthetic for primarily educational purposes without patients’ prior written consent, which should be placed in the notes.
• Clinical teachers should obtain patients’ explicit verbal consent for students to participate in treatment (suturing, taking blood, delivering babies, etc.). Procedures not requiring immediate
supervision should be undertaken only if there is recorded evidence of competence.
• Clinical teachers are responsible for ensuring that these guidelines are followed. If students are asked by anyone to do the contrary, they must politely refuse, referring to these
guidelines. Encouraging students to ignore these guidelines is unacceptable.
139 colleges get varsity affiliation in 2 hours flat!
The Nagpur University’s academic council granted affiliation to 139 new colleges on Monday. Only four proposals including one of an MPEd college were rejected, university sources revealed to TOI. Additionally, 83 new courses were also granted permission to begin from this year while five colleges received permanent affiliation. With this, the total number of colleges affiliated to Nagpur University, has jumped from 610 to 749. According to rules, the local enquiry committees (LEC) reports of new colleges and shortcomings pointed out in them must be discussed in detail by the council members. However, the procedure is ritually ignored each year. This year was no different. Sources added that most colleges belong to politicians and influential persons and therefore, no council member dares to raise doubts. The recent CBI investigations into shortcomings of engineering colleges also failed to stir the university. CBI sleuths found that management of KDK College of Engineering was reportedly accommodating a school, a pharmacy college and also holding engineering classes in annexe building that was still under construction. After this, even LEC’s role came under the scanner as to how it had given a go ahead to the said college. The story may be even more awful in the colleges offering general courses, especially in the rural areas. Surprisingly, the CBI’s verification checks found mention in the meeting with the members deciding to thoroughly verify whether the new professional colleges were strictly following norms set by AICTE and NCTE before granting affiliation. Sources informed that during the meeting, pro-vice chancellor GS Parasher had requested the members not to grant affiliation to the new colleges without ensuring that they had appointed full-time, regular teachers
Single council for Medical Education.
In a complete overhaul aimed at cleansing the medical education system in the country, a task force of the Union health ministry has decided to scrap all regulatory bodies, including the Medical Council of India, Dental Council of India, Pharmacy Council and the Nursing Council, sources revealed There will instead be a single regulatory body - National Council for Human Resources in Health - which will oversee seven departments related to medicine, nursing, dentistry, rehabilitation and physiotherapy, pharmacy, public health/hospital management and allied health sciences, sources involved in the revamp process said on Thursday. The move now needs a formal government notification. This will not only perform the regulatory functions but also carry out assessment and accreditation of medical and health institutions across the country. Simply put, the council will coordinate the entire gamut of medical and health education in India. This will include drafting courses and the period of study, including practical training, subjects of examination and standards of proficiency, conditions for admissions to courses, provide guidelines on curriculum planning, monitoring and overseeing implementation of UG/PG courses with flexibility for local specific modules. ``Medical education today is dictated by bank balance and caste. The existing councils, besides being unwieldy, have failed to provide a synergistic approach. There is an urgent need for innovation in health-related education. It is unfortunate that medical seats are auctioned in front of students today. This is the best surgical solution for cleansing the system,'' a source told TOI. The report which was discussed with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on August 26, 2009 by the task force states: ``Professional councils such as the MCI/ Nursing and Pharmacy Councils have been set up to regulate the practice of their respective professions, including education. However, many of these councils have drawn criticism from all sections of society and got judicial censure on several occasions.'' The council will be constituted as an autonomous body independent of government controls with adequate power, including quasi-judicial. Private medical colleges also place a heavy burden of fees on students and their admissions procedures are not transparent. The curricula of medical schools both public and private are not designed for producing `social physicians', the report said. Sources said the Centre will now take this move to all the states before implementing it. On its part, the Union health ministry has already readied a draft bill titled The National Council for Human Resources in Health Draft Bill, 2009.
NATIONAL EXIT TEST
Though all central and state universities shall conduct their own examinations and award degrees, the national council will conduct national-level exit examinations to standardise UG/PG medical and allied health courses. This screening examination shall be mandatory for students who have successfully completed UG from a foreign institution that is not recognised by the council. With this, the National Board of Examinations (NBE) shall be archived.
HOSPITALS TO OFFER PG COURSES
With a mere 9% of the UG medical students offering PG, the task force has proposed that prominent hospitals across the country be allowed to offer post-graduate courses. ``PG seats are so few that students have no option but to study what is given to them rather than what they want to pursue
NATIONAL EXIT TEST
Though all central and state universities shall conduct their own examinations and award degrees, the national council will conduct national-level exit examinations to standardise UG/PG medical and allied health courses. This screening examination shall be mandatory for students who have successfully completed UG from a foreign institution that is not recognised by the council. With this, the National Board of Examinations (NBE) shall be archived.
HOSPITALS TO OFFER PG COURSES
With a mere 9% of the UG medical students offering PG, the task force has proposed that prominent hospitals across the country be allowed to offer post-graduate courses. ``PG seats are so few that students have no option but to study what is given to them rather than what they want to pursue
Changing facets of anaesthesia education!
Undergraduate teaching of anaesthesia in India is constrained by the inadequate student contact hours compared with those of other disciplines. Final year students are taught the basic skills of life support such as bag and mask ventilation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and intravenous cannulation. More specialized skills such as endotracheal intubation and spinal anaesthesia are
desirable areas of instruction. Faculty need to provide positive role models for the students in learning anaesthesia. Although anaesthesiologists are involved in many educational activities, the focus is oriented only towards postgraduate training. Common issues include the selection, training and assessment of residents. Selection processes may be improved by incorporating psychological and psychomotor measures. A limited number of teaching methods, especially simulators, have generated much interest, while other traditional methods, such as bedside
teaching, have been neglected over the years. Newer methods of evaluation, for example, daily assessment by the attending faculty, have been described, but work continues to be needed on these and older methods, such as oral examinations. Programs of recertification or maintenance of competence, which have been announced by certifying bodies, may place new emphasis on the
study of the design, effectiveness, and outcome of continuing medical education. Emphasis in the postgraduate training programmes should be to provide trainees with clinical experiences and stimulation that will develop the required traditional competencies. It should also cultivate competency in clinical decision-making, intuition and judgement. This could be accomplished by developing an experiential curriculum. The basic premise is that learning is a process and its outcome is to a large extent related to what the learner does. The process begins with an experience that provides for observation and reflection. Integration of the thoughts provides the basis for executing either existing or new actions. In the experiential curriculum postgraduate
training and learning are enhanced by documenting and critically evaluating the experiences to which the postgraduate student is exposed. Included within such a structured programme are the methodologies of problembased and evidence-based learning. Faculty development will be required to help the postgraduate student pursue these skills of self-evaluation and efficient learning. Incorporation of an experiential curriculum into the residency training programme will achieve the goals listed above and allow maturation of the process of lifelong learning. It will also allow greater achievement of the application of new information to one’s practice. In conclusion, there are many opportunities for anaesthesiologists to conduct educational research into many traditional and new areas of medical education.
desirable areas of instruction. Faculty need to provide positive role models for the students in learning anaesthesia. Although anaesthesiologists are involved in many educational activities, the focus is oriented only towards postgraduate training. Common issues include the selection, training and assessment of residents. Selection processes may be improved by incorporating psychological and psychomotor measures. A limited number of teaching methods, especially simulators, have generated much interest, while other traditional methods, such as bedside
teaching, have been neglected over the years. Newer methods of evaluation, for example, daily assessment by the attending faculty, have been described, but work continues to be needed on these and older methods, such as oral examinations. Programs of recertification or maintenance of competence, which have been announced by certifying bodies, may place new emphasis on the
study of the design, effectiveness, and outcome of continuing medical education. Emphasis in the postgraduate training programmes should be to provide trainees with clinical experiences and stimulation that will develop the required traditional competencies. It should also cultivate competency in clinical decision-making, intuition and judgement. This could be accomplished by developing an experiential curriculum. The basic premise is that learning is a process and its outcome is to a large extent related to what the learner does. The process begins with an experience that provides for observation and reflection. Integration of the thoughts provides the basis for executing either existing or new actions. In the experiential curriculum postgraduate
training and learning are enhanced by documenting and critically evaluating the experiences to which the postgraduate student is exposed. Included within such a structured programme are the methodologies of problembased and evidence-based learning. Faculty development will be required to help the postgraduate student pursue these skills of self-evaluation and efficient learning. Incorporation of an experiential curriculum into the residency training programme will achieve the goals listed above and allow maturation of the process of lifelong learning. It will also allow greater achievement of the application of new information to one’s practice. In conclusion, there are many opportunities for anaesthesiologists to conduct educational research into many traditional and new areas of medical education.
Medical Entrance
Medical education is controled and monitored by the Medical Council of India (MCI). Most of the Government Medical Colleges offer admissions only to Indian students on the basis of their performance in a competitive entrance test.
Here are the guidelines for all those who are preparing for Medical Entrance Exams.
Step 1
Get a blank piece of paper and outline the material you need to study. This helps develop a "big picture" overview of the material. Start with big topics and leave room for subtopics. Fill in the information as best as you can. Get another sheet of paper and start over if necessary. Once you see all the units of information in front of you it will be easier to organize your studying. This will help you with the next step.
Step 2
Break the material into smaller chunks and study each one. Only once you understand each one should you move on to the next. Do this part alone in your quiet study place. This is when you start to memorize the information you'll need later. Write down any questions that you may have.
Step 3
The next step is to work with someone else to clarify anything that's confusing. Work with others, go to review sessions, see a tutor, or work with the professor or a TA. At this point it's important to make sure that everything is clearly understood. This is crucial. If this step is skipped then you're left with trying to memorize hundreds of useless factoids. It will never mean anything to you later.
Step 4
Now it's time to put the information into your brain for retrieval. If you've been working all along you will already remember much of it. Make sure nothing is left out. Review the tips on memory. Many students focus on this step exclusively. It's called cramming. Just say no.
Step 5
This next step is not needed by everyone but it's useful if you are having trouble with the course. You've been studying for hours and hours but, do you really know anything? Try working with someone else who will ask you questions about the material. If you can answer and explain concepts without too much effort then you're in good shape. Usually this help to expose areas that require more attention and study.
Step 6
If the previous step went well then all you have left is to work on weak areas and a general overview the material. If you didn't do well explaining the material you'll need another round of steps 4 and 5. Hopefully you left time for this in your study schedule.
Here are the guidelines for all those who are preparing for Medical Entrance Exams.
Step 1
Get a blank piece of paper and outline the material you need to study. This helps develop a "big picture" overview of the material. Start with big topics and leave room for subtopics. Fill in the information as best as you can. Get another sheet of paper and start over if necessary. Once you see all the units of information in front of you it will be easier to organize your studying. This will help you with the next step.
Step 2
Break the material into smaller chunks and study each one. Only once you understand each one should you move on to the next. Do this part alone in your quiet study place. This is when you start to memorize the information you'll need later. Write down any questions that you may have.
Step 3
The next step is to work with someone else to clarify anything that's confusing. Work with others, go to review sessions, see a tutor, or work with the professor or a TA. At this point it's important to make sure that everything is clearly understood. This is crucial. If this step is skipped then you're left with trying to memorize hundreds of useless factoids. It will never mean anything to you later.
Step 4
Now it's time to put the information into your brain for retrieval. If you've been working all along you will already remember much of it. Make sure nothing is left out. Review the tips on memory. Many students focus on this step exclusively. It's called cramming. Just say no.
Step 5
This next step is not needed by everyone but it's useful if you are having trouble with the course. You've been studying for hours and hours but, do you really know anything? Try working with someone else who will ask you questions about the material. If you can answer and explain concepts without too much effort then you're in good shape. Usually this help to expose areas that require more attention and study.
Step 6
If the previous step went well then all you have left is to work on weak areas and a general overview the material. If you didn't do well explaining the material you'll need another round of steps 4 and 5. Hopefully you left time for this in your study schedule.
When should you start preparing for IIT-JEE?
Ideally from Standard IX, because the workload then is far lesser than those of higher classes. Preparation becomes easier and owing to the advantage of time, much deeper.
Nowadays, education institutes take students on the basis of their abilities such as understanding of concepts, sharpness of mind and knowledge; therefore, they launch common exams for all students. These common exams are specially designed to test special characteristics of student and are often called Competitive exams or Entrance Exams because they create lots of competition among students. Through competition exams, institutes are able to choose cream of students. So, they find competitive exams as best method to find best students among all.
Now question arises, how to prepare for such type of exams? You may hear about students which study whole year but still not selected and many such instants. Actually, what happens is these students do not have a proper strategy to prepare for competitive exams. Competitive exams are completely different from school or university exams. Competitive exams are different from other exams because with such type of exams, institutes want to test not only your knowledge but also your concepts, common sense for subject and sharp mind; therefore, students which dependent on knowledge only, cannot be selected for competitive exams.
Nowadays, education institutes take students on the basis of their abilities such as understanding of concepts, sharpness of mind and knowledge; therefore, they launch common exams for all students. These common exams are specially designed to test special characteristics of student and are often called Competitive exams or Entrance Exams because they create lots of competition among students. Through competition exams, institutes are able to choose cream of students. So, they find competitive exams as best method to find best students among all.
Now question arises, how to prepare for such type of exams? You may hear about students which study whole year but still not selected and many such instants. Actually, what happens is these students do not have a proper strategy to prepare for competitive exams. Competitive exams are completely different from school or university exams. Competitive exams are different from other exams because with such type of exams, institutes want to test not only your knowledge but also your concepts, common sense for subject and sharp mind; therefore, students which dependent on knowledge only, cannot be selected for competitive exams.
Engineering- Study Strategies!
1. Exam Dates: Continously Check the entrance exams date so that you can prepare accordingly and give adequate time to each subject.
2. Self Belief: You should believe in yourself and your abilities. You should believe that you belong to the competitive arena and you can clear these competitive exams if you can perform to best of your abilities. Belief is everything and everything can be achieved through belief. There is a famous quote: “The thing always happens that you really believe in; and the belief in a thing makes it happen”.
3. Knowledge: Knowledge is a necessary element to clear competitive exams. You should have proper knowledge about your concepts. We don’t have to acquire extra knowledge, as conceptual knowledge is needed for competitive exams. We can prefect our conceptual knowledge by practicing questions based on these concepts.
4. Time Management and Data: We have to study minimum of 4 hours a day for competitive exams. We can manage this time by preparing timetable for each day. We also have to record weekly data, which ultimately helps in representing our performance graphically. We can take inputs such as time for each subject, part of syllabus completed, time for revision, questions attempted and so on to record data.
5. Sharpness: Sharpness of mind is mandatory for competitive exams. A sharp mind has many advantages such as concept understanding, quick response to a tricky question and speed. Main purpose of these competitive exams is to differentiate sharp-minded students from others. A normal mind can be converted into a sharp mind by regular brain exercises such as puzzles, crosswords, Sudoku. You can also play games such as Chess, which helps in sharpening the mind.
6. Sample Papers: Here comes my last and most important trick. The best way to perform in any exam would be to do so many similar types of such exams or Sample Papers. With the help of these sample papers, our mind is able to build so many stragies and tricks about particular type of questions, which ultimately helps us during Entrance exams. They have huge advantage as you can feel the mental atmosphere similar to that in competitive exams through these sample papers. Attempting so many sample papers helps in mental coherence during main exams. Sample Papers also helps in achieving a hard, stable concentration during competitive exams.
2. Self Belief: You should believe in yourself and your abilities. You should believe that you belong to the competitive arena and you can clear these competitive exams if you can perform to best of your abilities. Belief is everything and everything can be achieved through belief. There is a famous quote: “The thing always happens that you really believe in; and the belief in a thing makes it happen”.
3. Knowledge: Knowledge is a necessary element to clear competitive exams. You should have proper knowledge about your concepts. We don’t have to acquire extra knowledge, as conceptual knowledge is needed for competitive exams. We can prefect our conceptual knowledge by practicing questions based on these concepts.
4. Time Management and Data: We have to study minimum of 4 hours a day for competitive exams. We can manage this time by preparing timetable for each day. We also have to record weekly data, which ultimately helps in representing our performance graphically. We can take inputs such as time for each subject, part of syllabus completed, time for revision, questions attempted and so on to record data.
5. Sharpness: Sharpness of mind is mandatory for competitive exams. A sharp mind has many advantages such as concept understanding, quick response to a tricky question and speed. Main purpose of these competitive exams is to differentiate sharp-minded students from others. A normal mind can be converted into a sharp mind by regular brain exercises such as puzzles, crosswords, Sudoku. You can also play games such as Chess, which helps in sharpening the mind.
6. Sample Papers: Here comes my last and most important trick. The best way to perform in any exam would be to do so many similar types of such exams or Sample Papers. With the help of these sample papers, our mind is able to build so many stragies and tricks about particular type of questions, which ultimately helps us during Entrance exams. They have huge advantage as you can feel the mental atmosphere similar to that in competitive exams through these sample papers. Attempting so many sample papers helps in mental coherence during main exams. Sample Papers also helps in achieving a hard, stable concentration during competitive exams.
Tips for Success in Interviews
1) First impression is the best impression. You will be judged by ; the way you dress, your educational qualification, work experience, body language, manners, ability to absorb the information and interpret it intelligently and clearly. So take care to be at your best.
2) Carry your relevant documents in order - like certificates, copy of application sent, bio-data etc. in a folder so that it can be easily shown when asked. Take a pen also.
3) Present the documents only if the interviewer ask for it.
4) Never be late for an interview.
5) Greet the interviewers as soon as you enter.
6) Sit down only when you are asked to. It is better not to pull the chair, either lift it or move it and always enter from the right side of the chair.
7) Say 'please and thank you' whenever required.
8) Listen carefully and pay attention to the question. If the question is not clear to you ask politely for a repeat.
9) Reply confidently and immediately to the point, keeping your answers short unless asked for a longer description.
10) While answering, look directly at the person asking the questions and try to be pleasant.
11) Replies connected to any details regarding your bio-data should be authentic.
12) It is better to admit if you don't know something.
13) Remember to say 'sorry' if your opinions or answers are rejected.
14) Avoid indulging in certain mannerisms in your speech or behavior.
15) You can ask when you can expect to hear from them before you leave.
16) Don't forget to say "Thank you" at the end of an interview to every interviewer before leaving.
17) Shake hands only if the interviewer initiates the gesture.
18) Walk out confidently without looking back.
19) Gently shut the door behind you as you leave.
2) Carry your relevant documents in order - like certificates, copy of application sent, bio-data etc. in a folder so that it can be easily shown when asked. Take a pen also.
3) Present the documents only if the interviewer ask for it.
4) Never be late for an interview.
5) Greet the interviewers as soon as you enter.
6) Sit down only when you are asked to. It is better not to pull the chair, either lift it or move it and always enter from the right side of the chair.
7) Say 'please and thank you' whenever required.
8) Listen carefully and pay attention to the question. If the question is not clear to you ask politely for a repeat.
9) Reply confidently and immediately to the point, keeping your answers short unless asked for a longer description.
10) While answering, look directly at the person asking the questions and try to be pleasant.
11) Replies connected to any details regarding your bio-data should be authentic.
12) It is better to admit if you don't know something.
13) Remember to say 'sorry' if your opinions or answers are rejected.
14) Avoid indulging in certain mannerisms in your speech or behavior.
15) You can ask when you can expect to hear from them before you leave.
16) Don't forget to say "Thank you" at the end of an interview to every interviewer before leaving.
17) Shake hands only if the interviewer initiates the gesture.
18) Walk out confidently without looking back.
19) Gently shut the door behind you as you leave.
Career Options and Prospects in Engineering
Engineering is a vast field that offers infinite specialisation. All fields in the modern economy has been invigorated by engineering technology. This field deals with designing and its application. The three traditional branches of engineering are civil, mechanical and electrical. Apart form these, there are various other branches like Aeronautical engineering, Ceramic engineering, chemical engineering, computer engineering, automobile engineering, industrial engineering, environmental engineering, marine engineering, textile engineering etc.
B.E. (Bachelor of Engineering)Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering:
Civil engineering deals with construction activities including building roads, bridges, tunnels etc. Mechanical engineering deals with design and production of tools, machines etc. to be used in industries. Electrical engineering deals with production of electrical equipments.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects
Duration : 4 yearsFees: In private colleges fees range from Rs.1 lakh to Rs. 2 lakh annually. In IIT's it varies between Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per yearJob Prospects: They can find job in Government departments, private and public sector industries, research and teaching institutions etc.
Aeronautical/ Aerospace Engineering : This field deals with development of new technology in the field of aviation, space exploration and defence systems. It specialises in the development and research of commercial and military aircraft, missiles, spaceships etc.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects and qualifying exam (JEE).
Duration : 4 yearsJob Prospects: Jobs are available with the airline services and aircraft manufacturing units. The defence service and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) are two other important employers. These jobs are highly paid.
Ceramic Engineering: They specialises in production of ceramic products like glass, electric power line insulators, semi conductors etc.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects
Fees: Around Rs. 1 lakh per year and in IIT's fees range from Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per year.
Job Prospects: They can find employment in ceramic industry.
Computer Engineering: Deals with computer hardware and software. Manufacture and research, development of new design, technical improvements, alterations etc.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects
Duration : 5 years
Job Prospects: The scope of the job is directly related to the growth and development of computer industry. They can get employment in computer fields and also work as maintenance consultants.
Chemical Engineering: It gives a vast knowledge of production of chemicals and related products.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects
Duration: 4 yearsJob Prospects: They can find employment opportunities with chemical industries, refineries, manufacturers of acids, medicines, varnishes, paints, fertilizers etc. They can also find employment in research laboratories.
Automobile engineering: This field deals with design, development and maintenance of automobile and its spare parts.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
Duration : 4 years
Job prospects : He can find employment in automobile industries, service stations, transport companies etc.
Industrial engineering : The industrial engineers aim is to increase productivity through management of people and methods of business organisation. They are the bridges between management and operations.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics plus qualifying examDuration : 5 years after 10 +2, 1 year after 4 years of mechanical or electrical engineering degree course.
Job Prospects : They can find the jobs in R & D establishments , Self employment opportunities are also possible as consultants.
Environmental engineering : It is concerned with the conservation of environment.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics plus qualifying exam
Duration : 4 years
Job Prospects : In this polluted environment they can find jobs in Government as well as private sectors, particularly in chemical manufacturing units, mines etc.
Marine engineering :Marine Engineers have the complete responsibility of the ship's engine room. Their responsibilities involve development and designing of the engines related to ships and propulsion system. Ministry of Surface Transport, Government of India, takes care of the training needs and conducts competency exam through the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS).
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science (Physics, Chemistry & Maths)
Duration : 1 year for Navigation course, 3 years for B.Sc Nautical science, 4 years for (Marine Engineering Research Institute) MERI course
Selection: Written test / interview (Joint Entrance Examination { JEE}) conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), which assesses the candidate’s knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.The examination is followed by personal interviews/counseling, where the interviewers assess the degree of alertness, and awareness of the external environment, in the candidates and their suitability for a career in the Merchant Navy. Ministry of Surface Transport, Government of India, takes care of the training needs and conducts competency exam for promotions through the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS).
Job Prospects : This is a highly paid job with lots of overseas travel. Jobs are available with Shipping companies in India and other countries.
Textile engineering : They deals with the development, design, manufacturing and quality control of the fibers and fiber products.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science (Physics, Chemistry & Maths)
Duration : 4 yrs for Engineering degree, 3 years for B.Sc (Tech) degree
Fees: Around Rs. 1 lakh per year and in IIT's fees range from Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per year
Job prospectus : They can find employment in Textile industry.
B.Arch (Bachelor of Architecture) : Architects design and supervise construction of varies types of buildings keeping in view the primary consideration of stability, utility and beauty. An ideal architect needs skill in visualising, designing, engineering and communicating your ideas to the client. In short Architecture is a unique blend of art and science. In Architecture there are several areas of specialisation like industrial design, interior design, town planning, regional planning, housing, transport planning, landscape planning, environmental planning etc.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 with high percentage of marks + qualifying examination and interview
Duration : 5 years/4 yearsFees: Around Rs. 1 lakh per year. In IIT's fees are lower.Job Prospects : Job opportunities are available in construction firms, government departments, town planning offices, private architectural firms, landscaping consultants etc.
B.E. (Bachelor of Engineering)Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering:
Civil engineering deals with construction activities including building roads, bridges, tunnels etc. Mechanical engineering deals with design and production of tools, machines etc. to be used in industries. Electrical engineering deals with production of electrical equipments.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects
Duration : 4 yearsFees: In private colleges fees range from Rs.1 lakh to Rs. 2 lakh annually. In IIT's it varies between Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per yearJob Prospects: They can find job in Government departments, private and public sector industries, research and teaching institutions etc.
Aeronautical/ Aerospace Engineering : This field deals with development of new technology in the field of aviation, space exploration and defence systems. It specialises in the development and research of commercial and military aircraft, missiles, spaceships etc.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects and qualifying exam (JEE).
Duration : 4 yearsJob Prospects: Jobs are available with the airline services and aircraft manufacturing units. The defence service and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) are two other important employers. These jobs are highly paid.
Ceramic Engineering: They specialises in production of ceramic products like glass, electric power line insulators, semi conductors etc.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects
Fees: Around Rs. 1 lakh per year and in IIT's fees range from Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per year.
Job Prospects: They can find employment in ceramic industry.
Computer Engineering: Deals with computer hardware and software. Manufacture and research, development of new design, technical improvements, alterations etc.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects
Duration : 5 years
Job Prospects: The scope of the job is directly related to the growth and development of computer industry. They can get employment in computer fields and also work as maintenance consultants.
Chemical Engineering: It gives a vast knowledge of production of chemicals and related products.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with high percentage of marks in Science subjects
Duration: 4 yearsJob Prospects: They can find employment opportunities with chemical industries, refineries, manufacturers of acids, medicines, varnishes, paints, fertilizers etc. They can also find employment in research laboratories.
Automobile engineering: This field deals with design, development and maintenance of automobile and its spare parts.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.
Duration : 4 years
Job prospects : He can find employment in automobile industries, service stations, transport companies etc.
Industrial engineering : The industrial engineers aim is to increase productivity through management of people and methods of business organisation. They are the bridges between management and operations.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics plus qualifying examDuration : 5 years after 10 +2, 1 year after 4 years of mechanical or electrical engineering degree course.
Job Prospects : They can find the jobs in R & D establishments , Self employment opportunities are also possible as consultants.
Environmental engineering : It is concerned with the conservation of environment.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics plus qualifying exam
Duration : 4 years
Job Prospects : In this polluted environment they can find jobs in Government as well as private sectors, particularly in chemical manufacturing units, mines etc.
Marine engineering :Marine Engineers have the complete responsibility of the ship's engine room. Their responsibilities involve development and designing of the engines related to ships and propulsion system. Ministry of Surface Transport, Government of India, takes care of the training needs and conducts competency exam through the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS).
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science (Physics, Chemistry & Maths)
Duration : 1 year for Navigation course, 3 years for B.Sc Nautical science, 4 years for (Marine Engineering Research Institute) MERI course
Selection: Written test / interview (Joint Entrance Examination { JEE}) conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), which assesses the candidate’s knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics.The examination is followed by personal interviews/counseling, where the interviewers assess the degree of alertness, and awareness of the external environment, in the candidates and their suitability for a career in the Merchant Navy. Ministry of Surface Transport, Government of India, takes care of the training needs and conducts competency exam for promotions through the Directorate General of Shipping (DGS).
Job Prospects : This is a highly paid job with lots of overseas travel. Jobs are available with Shipping companies in India and other countries.
Textile engineering : They deals with the development, design, manufacturing and quality control of the fibers and fiber products.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 Science (Physics, Chemistry & Maths)
Duration : 4 yrs for Engineering degree, 3 years for B.Sc (Tech) degree
Fees: Around Rs. 1 lakh per year and in IIT's fees range from Rs. 15,000/- to Rs. 20,000/- per year
Job prospectus : They can find employment in Textile industry.
B.Arch (Bachelor of Architecture) : Architects design and supervise construction of varies types of buildings keeping in view the primary consideration of stability, utility and beauty. An ideal architect needs skill in visualising, designing, engineering and communicating your ideas to the client. In short Architecture is a unique blend of art and science. In Architecture there are several areas of specialisation like industrial design, interior design, town planning, regional planning, housing, transport planning, landscape planning, environmental planning etc.
Eligibility : 10 + 2 with high percentage of marks + qualifying examination and interview
Duration : 5 years/4 yearsFees: Around Rs. 1 lakh per year. In IIT's fees are lower.Job Prospects : Job opportunities are available in construction firms, government departments, town planning offices, private architectural firms, landscaping consultants etc.
Stress Control!
Time management
Good time-management skills are critical for effective stress control. In particular, learning to prioritize tasks and avoid over-commitment are critical measures to make sure that you're not overscheduled. Always using a calendar or planner, and checking it faithfully before committing to anything, is one way to develop time-management skills. You can also learn to identify time-wasting tasks by keeping a diary for a few days and noticing where you may be losing time.
For example, productivity experts recommend setting aside a specific time (or multiple times) each day to check and respond to email and messages rather than being a continual slave to incoming information. Banishing procrastination is another time-management skill that can be learned or perfected.
Organizational skills
If your physical surroundings (office, desk, kitchen, closet, car) are well-organized, you won't be faced with the stress of misplaced objects and clutter. Make it a habit to periodically clean out and sort through the messes of paperwork and clutter that accumulate over time.
Support systems
People with strong social support systems experience fewer physical and emotional symptoms of stress than their less-connected counterparts. Loved ones, friends, business associates, neighbors, and even pets are all part of our social networks. Cultivating and developing a social support network is healthy for both body and mind.
Good time-management skills are critical for effective stress control. In particular, learning to prioritize tasks and avoid over-commitment are critical measures to make sure that you're not overscheduled. Always using a calendar or planner, and checking it faithfully before committing to anything, is one way to develop time-management skills. You can also learn to identify time-wasting tasks by keeping a diary for a few days and noticing where you may be losing time.
For example, productivity experts recommend setting aside a specific time (or multiple times) each day to check and respond to email and messages rather than being a continual slave to incoming information. Banishing procrastination is another time-management skill that can be learned or perfected.
Organizational skills
If your physical surroundings (office, desk, kitchen, closet, car) are well-organized, you won't be faced with the stress of misplaced objects and clutter. Make it a habit to periodically clean out and sort through the messes of paperwork and clutter that accumulate over time.
Support systems
People with strong social support systems experience fewer physical and emotional symptoms of stress than their less-connected counterparts. Loved ones, friends, business associates, neighbors, and even pets are all part of our social networks. Cultivating and developing a social support network is healthy for both body and mind.
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